How Do You Repair Damaged Tree Bark?

Part ane - Introduction to the Valuation of Landscape Plants

By William M. Fountain and Ellen V. Crocker

Trees provide numerous ecology, economical, and even health benefits to metropolis residents. However, it tin be difficult for homeowners to assess the value of individual copse or mural plantings and to budget for the costs associated with their care. To help shed light on this issue, this iii part series, "What is Your Tree Worth?" will introduce key concepts in assessing the value of landscape plants too as the costs associated with repairing, maintaining, and improving their health.

Your copse are valuable
Trees in urban and suburban environments offer many benefits to citizens and landowners. Although some of these benefits are intangible, like the enjoyment of a cool summertime cakewalk and or the relaxing audio of wildlife in the landscape, all take monetary values that can be calculated. For example:

• Trees and mural plantings greatly touch property values. Good landscape designs can increase property values four-5%. On the other hand, poorly placed or selected establish fabric tin can lower belongings values by 8-10%. Real manor assessors recognize that a house on a lot with trees or in a neighborhood with mature trees is up to 20% more saleable.
• Street trees in urban business districts atomic number 82 to college retail sales by changing consumers' shopping patterns. Shoppers are willing to pay more and are more likely to store longer in tree-lined areas.
• Attractive, tree-filled landscapes improve human health in cities. They reduce blood force per unit area, improve emotional and psychological health, provide sunday protection, and reduce exposure to airborne pollutants.
• Urban trees brand for safer cities. Trees reduce traffic speeds and create safer pedestrian walkways. In addition, communities with an extensive urban forest have lower crime rates.
• Trees provide many valuable environmental benefits to urban communities. They tin subtract heating and cooling costs in homes and offices, sequester carbon dioxide, mitigate ozone and other pollutants, and even reduce stormwater runoff.

As a homeowner you may recognize these many benefits and work towards maintaining and improving trees and mural plantings on your property. Yet, fifty-fifty with the all-time care, your valuable trees and mural plants may be damaged through no mistake of your own. In these cases, mural appraisers may be chosen on to appraise individual plants and entire landscapes equally a effect of storms, human being damage, destruction, and failure.\

What is landscape appraisal?
An appraisal is an unbiased estimate of copse or any other blazon of property. An authentic assessment of a tree's value can often help in recouping partial or consummate losses from insurance companies, the Internal Acquirement Service (IRS), or from another individual. Should a disagreement develop over the value of the loss, it may be necessary to litigate the disagreement in courtroom or by mediation, which will be based on unbiased and honest appraisals of the plant's value by professionals.

How does landscape appraisal work?
Objectivity and professional expertise are necessary in any appraisal and the monetary value of your trees should only be calculated by an unbiased arborist trained in this discipline. When damaged by someone else, the value of your tree or shrub is probably less than what you call back information technology should be simply more than than what your neighbor thinks information technology is worth. In an cess, a trained individual examines the vigor and vitality of the found or landscape, evaluating its stability, appropriateness for the site, contribution to the overall artful blueprint, and presence of insects, diseases, deadwood, or decay. Considering of these many complex factors, accurate valuations must exist done in-person and cannot be conducted solely with the aid of images.

Assessment techniques
There are iii distinctly different techniques for assessing the value of property, including trees; a cost approach, an income approach, and a market arroyo. The cost approach puts a dollar value on copse and other plants grown for their landscape value. The income arroyo considers the value of produce and the market place approach considers the increased or decreased value to a property past the presence of the plants. The most appropriate cess method for your utilise will depend on the blazon of property affected, how the property is used and reason for its assessment, and can be determined by a landscape appraiser.

Why assess your trees?
The need to assess landscape plants may arise because of accidental damage, malicious damage, or an act of nature. Damage resulting from willful and wonton intent to cause harm may exist subject to tripling of assessed values under Kentucky law however, the courts tin also assess additional judgments for sentimental or historical values.

In addition, in the consequence of a dispute, information technology is essential that the assessor be able to determine the initial status of the plant prior to the loss or damage. Because of this, baseline valuations of your property can be very helpful in preparing for unanticipated futurity problems.

Learning more about tree costs
The 2d part of this series volition consider the Cost Arroyo for valuing single plants or a express number of plants. Part three will await at the Cost of Repair and the Toll of Cure for damaged plants or landscapes that have been significantly contradistinct.

This article and the subsequent two articles are not intended as and do non represent legal or arboricultural advice. They are intended solely as an overview of the process of assessing the budgetary value of trees and mural plantings. Information in these articles should not be relied upon to take the place of legal or arboricultural advice. In all problems involving belongings rights and trespass yous are advised to consult a qualified legal professional.

Part 2 - The Cost Approach (Replacement Toll and Trunk Formula Method)

Copse provide numerous environmental, economic, and fifty-fifty wellness benefits to urban center residents.  However, information technology can exist difficult for homeowners to assess the value of individual trees or landscape plantings and to budget for the costs associated with their care. To help shed light on this issue, this three part series, "What is Your Tree Worth?" will introduce cardinal concepts in assessing the value of mural plants as well as the costs associated with repairing, maintaining, and improving their health.

How is the value of trees assessed?

There are three primary cess techniques that professionals use to determine the value of trees: the toll approach, the income approach, and the market arroyo. In this article we will brainstorm to discuss the cost arroyo method, describing the first two types of cost approach methods: replacement cost and trunk formula.  The second ii cost approach methods (toll of repair and toll of cure) volition be covered in the side by side section, Part 3, forth with an caption of the income arroyo and the market place approach.

Cost Arroyo:

When assessing property values, existent manor appraisers consider both the estimated cost of the land and the estimated costs of construction.  The cost of depreciation is subtracted from this value to requite an estimate of the current value.  With landscape plants, a similar estimation is made for the toll of replacement or the calculation of the current value for plants too large to transplant.  The status of the plant, location, and species are depreciation factors.

The toll approach is sub-divided into four methods; Replacement cost method, trunk formula method, price of repair method, and cost of cure method.  Determining which method should be used tin can be challenging and is typically site and state of affairs dependent.  Considering of this, information technology is often beneficial to calculate tree value or the cost of a tree loss using two or more methods. The first ii cost arroyo methods (replacement price and trunk formula) are covered in this section and the second ii cost approach methods (cost of repair and cost of cure) are covered in the next section, Part 3.

Replacement Cost

The replacement cost method is the easiest to summate and often nigh appropriate of the cost approach methods.  Information technology involves estimating the cost of finding, purchasing, transporting, and installing the largest bachelor plant(s) of the species lost, or of a similar species.  The cost of removal of the old tree and restoration of the expanse to its former condition is also included equally expenses involved with the replacement method.  These replacement plants are up to the size of the private institute(southward) lost.  The toll of supplemental care necessary for newly transplanted specimens to become reestablished after transplanting is added to the cost of obtaining and installing the replacement found(due south).  Supplemental costs such equally insurance, fees, permits, overhead, and profit are likewise taken into account.

Torso Formula Method

The trunk formula method considers the species, condition, size, and location of trees to appraise their value.  This method is used for trees, but not shrubs and vines, since trunk diameter is challenging to appraise and less informative for these plants.

The trunk formula method is 1 of the nigh commonly used (and misused) techniques for assessing values of trees and, considering of this, here we will become into greater detail about the major components of this method: 1) species factor, 2) tree condition, iii) tree size, and 4) tree location.

1) Species Gene – One component of the torso formula method is assigning dissimilar plant species particular values to aid in estimating their worth. The rating cistron for each species, determined by a commission of establish experts, takes into account the performance of landscape species in unlike geographic regions. Factors that influence the tree species rating in this system include:

• Climate Adaptability: heat/common cold hardiness, frost tolerance, drought tolerance, storm (ice, snowfall, wind) tolerance.
• Growth Characteristics: tolerance to different sites, vigor, structural strength, aesthetics, life expectancy, pruning requirements, potential to be invasive.
• Soil Adaptability to construction & texture, drainage, moisture, acid/element of group i, mineral element (nutrients).
• Resistance/Tolerance to diseases, insects, air pollution

The value of a particular plant species varies with geography; the same plant (or even cultivar within a species) can score differently in dissimilar locations based on USDA hardiness zones (http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/). It is important to annotation that the rating arrangement considers the general geographic location of the plant and not the particular status under which a specific individual is growing.

Considering the species cistron rating cannot distinguish different ecological areas within a geographic region or variation within a item plant species, proceed in heed that it may not be the nigh accurate assessment of tree value.  In addition, there are sites where growing weather condition are so unfavorable (i.eastward. extreme pH or moisture relations) that only one or a very limited number of species can survive.  Under these adverse weather condition, an assessor can adjust the species-rating listing.

2) Tree condition - The status of copse or other landscape plants can be assessed by comparing their health and structural integrity before and afterwards damage.  However, trees with a loftier risk of failure and with the potential to cause harm should not have a valuation performed and should instead be promptly assessed by an individual qualified in performing an International Order of Arboriculture (ISA) Tree Risk Cess®.

Factors influencing tree condition include, but are not limited to:

• Structural Integrity: Factors include cleaved or dead roots, raised soil, cleaved or dead branches, decay, codominant stems, included bark, and asymmetrical growth.  With trees, structural integrity can be very important, only it is rarely an issue with shrubs and vines.  Instead, these plants are more often than not assessed only on their wellness and abiotic disorders.
• Establish Health: Factors include mature size, leaf colour and size, shoot elongation, and potential for failure in the future.
• Other issues including abiotic disorders, concrete injuries, chemic damage, limited growing space, improper installation, and poor maintenance practices.

Taking into business relationship these factors, a numerical arrangement is used to assign a score for condition. To learn more than, consult the Guide for Plant Appraisal (9th ed.) pg. 34-35.

iii) Tree size – For assessments, the size of deciduous copse and conifers that take been limbed up is usually expressed with the tiptop, trunk bore and/or canopy spread.  The size of shrubs and conifers, on the other hand, is usually expressed with height and canopy spread but not trunk diameter. To determine tree diameter, measurements are taken at the torso heights listed in Tabular array 1.

Table 1. Measuring tree diameter for unlike sized trees

The area of the trunk is calculated past squaring the radius (half the bore) and multiplying past Pi (3.xiv) merely D-tapes (measuring tapes with born bore calculations that can be wrapped around the tree trunk) are often used to obtain the diameter.

A few special considerations when measuring tree bore:

• Trees with elliptic cross sections volition have a smaller cross sectional area than trunks that are circular.  Elliptic trunks must be calculated using the formula:

Area = (0.785) (largest diameter) (smallest diameter)

• If the tree is growing on a slope, the bore is measured iv.5 feet above the point half way between the upper and lower side of the gradient. (Figure one)

• If the tree is leaning, the diameter is measured 4.v anxiety above the high point of the body and perpendicular to the centrality of the trunk. (Figure 2)

• Branches of trees fork below four.five anxiety to a higher place the basis or are multi-stemmed (branching at the ground) are measured individually at 4.5 feet to a higher place the footing. (Figure iii & iv)  The cantankerous-exclusive surface area of each branch is and then summed.

• Sometimes copse are no longer on the site and images are not bachelor.  In situations where only the stump remains, the bore of the remaining tree can be compared to trees of the same species and similar size in the region.

• Trees reach an economic and artful maturity.  To forbid the almanac increase in size from exceeding the contribution to the value of the landscape, an adjusted torso area value is used for trees exceeding thirty inches (76 cm) in diameter.  For more information, consult the Guide for Plant Appraisal (9th ed.) pg. 39.

4) Tree location -, Site characteristics are besides important in calculating tree value.  The assessor considers the contributions and placement of the tree on the property.  The benefits offered by a tree to a item location will be influenced by many factors including its size, shape, co-operative structure, foliage density, and clan with other plants in the landscape.  For example, a planting adds value by interim as a privacy screen, a wind break, a snow block, controlling dust, preventing erosion, providing wild animals habitat, or influencing energy conservation.  In addition, tree placement can detract value, such as when litter from fruit becomes an event.

The loss of a tree can depend profoundly on its context.  For example, the loss of a unmarried isolated tree is more significant than the loss of a tree from a cluster.  The loss of a tree placed to reduce the effect of wintertime winds would be more significant than an identical tree not serving this part.  The loss of a tree from a fence row is less disquisitional than if the tree had been in a managed landscape however, trees that are not in managed landscapes may besides be assessed for their value equally timber or firewood.

A location rating is derived past averaging a tree's site rating, contribution rating, and placement rating. To larn more, consult the Guide for Institute Appraisal (9th ed.) pg. 54.

Calculating assessment with the body method

Cost per foursquare inch is calculated by looking at the cost of the largest available tree, installed and guaranteed for 1 or 2 years.  This cost is divided past the number of square inches of torso area.  For Kentucky, $50 per square inch is used as an average for ornamental copse simply the assessor has the option of recalculating this.

The trunk formula is calculated by multiplying each of the following values:

• Dollar value per square inch of tree (by and large $50.00)
• Number of square inches of trunk diameter
• Percent value for the species rating
• Pct value for the status rating
• Percentage value for the location rating

Trees that are considered undesirable (invasive species, messy trees, or trees with foul smelling fruit), trees in poor condition, and poorly positioned trees may actually have a negative value.  For case, if a damaged tree would cost more to remove than it was worth prior to beingness damaged.

Go on in heed: the value assigned to a plant cannot exceed the modify in sales value it represents for the property. This tin become problematic when assessors assign a value to one or more than plants in a mural that is excessively high when compared to the market value of the holding.  Too, it should exist noted that as of this writing, the IRS does not accept the trunk formula method for evaluating loss.

Role 3 - Cost Approach (Cost of Repair and Cost of Cure), Income Approach, and Market Approach

Trees provide numerous environmental, economic, and even health benefits to city residents.  Even so, information technology tin can be difficult for homeowners to assess the value of individual copse or landscape plantings and to budget for the costs associated with their care. To help shed light on this issue, this three part serial, "What is Your Tree Worth?" will innovate key concepts in assessing the value of mural plants as well equally the costs associated with repairing, maintaining, and improving their health. This article (Part 3) looks at two means of assessing the Cost Approach and besides touches on the Income Approach, and Market Approach.

Cost Arroyo (continued):

Every bit previously mentioned, the toll arroyo depends on the various potential costs associated with tree value, care, and replacement. In Part 2, we sub-divided the cost approach into four methods; Replacement cost method, body formula method, cost of repair method, and cost of cure method. Here we will go on this introduction to the toll approach method and the other assessment techniques: cost of repair and price of cure.

Cost of Repair:

The cost of repair is the third technique for calculating the Cost Arroyo.  This method is used when trees are damaged merely can be repaired.  For example, this cost approach is appropriate in cases where information technology can be determined that, with the apply of accepted industry standards (i.east. skilful cultural practices), the affected tree tin can be expected to return to a condition and appearance similar to what it was prior to the damage.

In calculating the cost of repair, any deviation in appraisal between the tree's condition before the harm and after recovery is added to the cost of all treatments prescribed for the plant to correct the harm.

Cost of Cure:

The cost of cure is the fourth technique for computing the Cost Approach.  It includes all treatments and activities necessary to return a property to a reasonable approximation of its previous condition.

The cost of cure for a holding is comprehensive and may include replacement toll, trunk formula method, cost of repair, and cost of cure.  This may involve debris removal and disposal, restoration of plant material, toll of repair of damaged plants, removal of competitive species, restoration of hardscape items (i.e. walks), labor, equipment, permits, licenses, and other expenses necessary to recreate the intended active or passive utilise of the expanse.

The cost of cure will depend on the type of action needed to return a property to its previous condition and, thus, can vary widely past ecosystem blazon and initial condition.  For instance, delicate ecosystems may necessitate expensive and fourth dimension-consuming mitt labor.  On the other hand, the use of big equipment may exist demand for removal of debris and other tasks.

Because of the complication of this approach, arborists, foresters, horticulturists, landscape architects, and other green industry professionals trained in plant health care are the almost qualified individuals for accomplishing toll of cure assessments.

Income Approach:

The 2d technique used for placing a value on plants considers the potential for the damaged or destroyed plants to produce income.  This is the assessment is advisable in cases when harm that may decrease hereafter income from the found or its products in the future.

The income approach can be summed upwards by the formula:

            Annual Income ÷ Rate of return = Value

Examples of sites where the income approach is the most appropriate assessment technique include production nurseries, Christmas tree farms, orchards, and timber stands.  This technique is used more oftentimes by real manor appraisers and accountants just is less relevant to cess past arborists or light-green industry professionals.

Marketplace Approach:

The third technique, market arroyo, is used to compare the value of a damaged or destroyed property to similar properties.  It is sometimes referred to every bit the Sales Comparing Arroyo.  The courts oft consider this the near reliable guess of the real value of property because it is based on what someone else was willing to pay for a similar property.

No two properties are always exactly identical so adjustments are allowed with the market place arroyo.  This method uses belongings sales to compare the estimated contribution that plants and landscapes make to the bodily value of holding.  Because of the complexity of this approach it should only be considered with the assistance of qualified, licensed real estate appraisers.

Who should assess my trees?

The iii approaches we outline here (Price, Income, and Market place) to appraise the value of copse, plant material, and entire landscapes (Table 2) should merely be used past individuals knowledgeable in their professions.  The 4 subdivisions under the Toll Approach are the methods virtually frequently used by green industry professionals.  Consult an accountant or real estate professional for the Income and Market Approach.  Not all losses are covered legal deductions by the Internal Revenue Service or insurance policies.  It would exist prudent to consult an chaser in problems related to property law.

Table 2.

References:

Currid, Peggy (ed). Guide for Plant Appraisement (9th ed). International Guild of Arboriculture, Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers. 2000.

Internal Revenue Service (United states) Publication 547: Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts (https://www.irs.gov/uac/Nigh-Publication-547)

Photography

1.  Quercus alba (Dr. William 1000. Fountain)

2. Dwelling of Lloyd & Ashland (Dr. William M. Fountain)
3. Tree on slope. (Analogy from Guide for Plant Appraisal, ISA)
4. Leaning tree. (Illustration from Guide for Plant Appraisal, ISA)
5. Tree branch fork below DBH.(Illustration from Guide for Institute Appraisal, ISA)
6. Tree multi-stemmed branching at basis. (Illustration from Guide for Plant Appraisal, ISA)

About the Authors

Dr. William M. Fountain is an extension professor in the University of Kentucky Department of Horticulture and an ISA Board Certified Principal Arborist.  Email @ Bill.Fountain@uky.edu

Dr. Ellen V. Crocker, University of Kentucky, Department of Forestry Extension and the Forest Health Research and Education Center.  Her focuses include eastern woods health, forest pathogens, education and outreach. Electronic mail @ east.crocker@uky.edu

How Do You Repair Damaged Tree Bark?,

Source: https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/treetalk/trees-treeworth

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